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1.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 18(4): 387-393, Jul-Aug/2014. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-719296

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pathogenesis of bloodstream infection by Staphylococcus epidermidis, using the molecular epidemiology, in high-risk neonates. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study of a cohort of neonates with bloodstream infection using central venous catheters for more than 24 h. "National Healthcare Safety Network" surveillance was conducted. Genotyping was performed by DNA fingerprinting and mecA genes and icaAD were detected by multiplex-PCR. RESULTS: From April 2006 to April 2008, the incidence of bloodstream infection and central venous catheter-associated bloodstream infection was 15.1 and 13.0/1000 catheter days, respectively, with S. epidermidis accounting for 42.9% of episodes. Molecular analysis was used to document the similarity among six isolates of bloodstream infection by S. epidermidis from cases with positive blood and central venous catheter tip cultures. Fifty percent of neonates had bloodstream infection not identified as definite or probable central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection. Only one case was considered as definite central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection and was extraluminally acquired; the remaining were considered probable central venous catheter-related bloodstream infections, with one probable extraluminally and another probable intraluminally acquired bloodstream infection. Additionally, among mecA+ and icaAD+ samples, one clone (A) was predominant (80%). A polyclonal profile was found among sensitive samples that were not carriers of the icaAD gene. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of infections caused by S. epidermidis in neonates had an unknown origin, although 33.3% appeared to have been acquired intraluminally and extraluminally. We observed a polyclonal profile between sensitive samples and a prevalent clone (A) between resistant samples. .


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Bacteremia/microbiology , Catheter-Related Infections/microbiology , Catheterization, Central Venous/adverse effects , Cross Infection/microbiology , Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology , Staphylococcus epidermidis/genetics , Cohort Studies , DNA Fingerprinting , DNA, Bacterial/analysis , Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field , Genotype , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Prospective Studies , Staphylococcus epidermidis/isolation & purification
2.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 47(3): 321-326, May-Jun/2014. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-716404

ABSTRACT

Introduction Surveillance of nosocomial infections (NIs) is an essential part of quality patient care; however, there are few reports of National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) surveillance in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) and none in developing countries. The purpose of this study was to report the incidence of NIs, causative organisms, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in a large cohort of neonates admitted to the NICU during a 16-year period. Methods The patients were followed 5 times per week from birth to discharge or death, and epidemiological surveillance was conducted according to the NHSN. Results From January 1997 to December 2012, 4,615 neonates, representing 62,412 patient-days, were admitted to the NICU. The device-associated infection rates were as follows: 17.3 primary bloodstream infections per 1,000 central line-days and 3.2 pneumonia infections per 1,000 ventilator-days. A total of 1,182 microorganisms were isolated from sterile body site cultures in 902 neonates. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) (34.3%) and Staphylococcus aureus (15.6%) were the most common etiologic agents isolated from cultures. The incidences of oxacillin-resistant CoNS and Staphylococcus aureus were 86.4% and 28.3%, respectively. Conclusions The most important NI remains bloodstream infection with staphylococci as the predominant pathogens, observed at much higher rates than those reported in the literature. Multiresistant microorganisms, especially oxacillin-resistant staphylococci and gram-negative bacilli resistant to cephalosporin were frequently found. Furthermore, by promoting strict hygiene measures and meticulous care of the infected infants, the process itself of evaluating the causative organisms was valuable. .


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Cross Infection/epidemiology , Intensive Care Units, Neonatal/statistics & numerical data , Brazil/epidemiology , Cross Infection/microbiology , Gram-Negative Bacteria/classification , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Gram-Negative Bacteria/isolation & purification , Gram-Positive Bacteria/classification , Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects , Gram-Positive Bacteria/isolation & purification , Incidence , Risk Factors
3.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 28(6): 1007-1014, nov./dec. 2012.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-914347

ABSTRACT

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de mastite bovina por Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp. e Candida sp. em uma propriedade rural no município de Indianópolis, Minas Gerais. Foi realizado o California Mastitis Test (CMT) em seis coletas, totalizando 671 amostras de leite positivas. Em seguida, foi realizado o exame microbiológico, no qual os resultados revelaram a presença de 137 amostras de leite com multiplicação microbiana. Dessas, constatou-se a presença de Staphylococcus aureus (45,2% das estirpes), demais estafilococos coagulase positiva (10,2%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (9,4%), Staphylococcus simulans (5,8%), demais estafilococos coagulase negativo (15,3%), Streptococcus agalactiae (7,2%), demais Streptococcus sp. (5,1%) e leveduras (1,4%). Verificou-se que 100% dos estafilococos foram sensíveis à rifampicina, gentamicina e ciprofloxacina; entretanto, resistentes à penicilina, tetraciclina e oxacilina. Em relação aos estreptococos, houve sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos empregados, exceto a clindamicina, a eritromicina e a tetraciclina. Conclui-se que existe grande necessidade de práticas adequadas de higienização e tomada de medidas profiláticas, a fim de reduzir a infecção dos animais por micro-organismos contagiosos e resistentes.


The objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of bovine mastitis by Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp. and Candida sp. in a rural area of Indianópolis, Minas Gerais. It was realized the California Mastitis Test (CMT) in six collect, a total 671 of milk sample positive. Then the microbiological examination was performed, where the results revealed the presence of 137 milk samples with microbial multiplication. These, showed the presence of Staphylococcus aureus (45.2% of strains), other coagulase negative Staphylococcus (10.2%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (9.4%), Staphylococcus simulans (5.8%), other coagulase negative (15.3%), Streptococcus agalactiae (7.2%), other Streptococcus sp. (5.1%) and yeasts (1.4%). It was found that 100% of Staphylococcus were susceptible to rifampicin, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin; but, resistant to penicillin, tetracycline, and oxacillin. Regarding antimicrobial susceptibility Streptococcus, were employed, except to clindamycin, erythromycin and tetracycline. We conclude that there is a great necessity of proper hygiene practices and taking prophylactic measures taken in order to reduce the infection of animals caused by infectious microorganisms and resistance.


Subject(s)
Staphylococcus , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Milk , Mastitis, Bovine , Anti-Infective Agents
4.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 44(6): 731-734, Nov.-Dec. 2011. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-611755

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Catheter-associated bloodstream infection (CA-BSI) is the most common nosocomial infection in neonatal intensive care units. There is evidence that care bundles to reduce CA-BSI are effective in the adult literature. The aim of this study was to reduce CA-BSI in a Brazilian neonatal intensive care unit by means of a care bundle including few strategies or procedures of prevention and control of these infections. METHODS: An intervention designed to reduce CA-BSI with five evidence-based procedures was conducted. RESULTS: A total of sixty-seven (26.7 percent) CA-BSIs were observed. There were 46 (32 percent) episodes of culture-proven sepsis in group preintervention (24.1 per 1,000 catheter days [CVC days]). Neonates in the group after implementation of the intervention had 21 (19.6 percent) episodes of CA-BSI (14.9 per 1,000 CVC days). The incidence of CA-BSI decreased significantly after the intervention from the group preintervention and postintervention (32 percent to 19.6 percent, 24.1 per 1,000 CVC days to 14.9 per 1,000 CVC days, p=0.04). In the multiple logistic regression analysis, the use of more than 3 antibiotics and length of stay >8 days were independent risk factors for BSI. CONCLUSIONS: A stepwise introduction of evidence-based intervention and intensive and continuous education of all healthcare workers are effective in reducing CA-BSI.


INTRODUÇÃO: As infecções de corrente sanguínea associadas ao cateter (ICS-AC) são as infecções hospitalares mais frequentes em unidades de terapia intensiva neonatais. O objetivo do nosso estudo foi reduzir as ICS-AC através de um pacote de medidas de cuidados incluindo algumas estratégias de controle e prevenção destas infecções. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada uma intervenção desenhada para reduzir as infecções de corrente sanguínea associadas ao cateter com cinco procedimentos de base. RESULTADOS: Um total de 67 (26,7 por cento) ICS-AC foi observado. Houve 46 (32 por cento) episódios de sepse com critério microbiológico (24,1 por 1.000 catater dias(CVC-dias). Os neonatos do grupo, após a implementação da intervenção, tiveram 21 (19,6 por cento) episódios de ICS-AC (14,9 por 1.000 CVC-dias). A incidência de ICS-AC reduziu significantemente entre os grupos pré-intervenção e pós-intervenção após a implementação das medidas (32 por cento para 19.6 por cento, 24.1 por 1.000 CVC-dias para 14.9 por 1.000 CVC-dias, p=0.04). Na análise de regressão logística múltipla, o uso de > três antibióticos e tempo de hospitalização > 8 dias foram fatores de risco independentes para ICS. CONCLUSÕES: A introdução de uma intervenção baseada em evidências e a educação intensiva e continuada de todos os profissionais de saúde são efetivas para a redução de ICS-AC.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , Bacteremia/prevention & control , Catheter-Related Infections/prevention & control , Cross Infection/prevention & control , Brazil , Bacteremia/microbiology , Catheter-Related Infections/microbiology , Cross Infection/microbiology , Hospitals, University , Intensive Care Units, Neonatal , Inservice Training/methods , Population Surveillance , Program Evaluation , Risk Factors
5.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 44(4): 447-450, July-Aug. 2011. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-596616

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to establish the late onset sepsis (LOS) rate of our service, characterize the intestinal microbiota and evaluate a possible association between gut flora and sepsis in surgical infants who were receiving parenteral nutrition (PN). METHODS: Surveillance cultures of the gut were taken at the start of PN and thereafter once a week. Specimens for blood culture were collected based on clinical criteria established by the medical staff. The central venous catheter (CVC) tip was removed under aseptic conditions. Standard laboratory methods were used to identify the microorganisms that grew on cultures of gut, blood and CVC tip. RESULTS: 74 very low birth weight infants were analyzed. All the infants were receiving PN and antibiotics when the gut culture was started. In total, 21 (28.4%) infants experienced 28 episodes of LOS with no identified source. Coagulase negative staphylococci were the most common bacteria identified, both in the intestine (74.2%) and blood (67.8%). All infections occurred in patients who received PN through a central venous catheter. Six infants experienced episodes of microbial translocation. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, LOS was the most frequent episode in neonates receiving parenteral nutrition who had been submitted to surgery; 28.6% of this infection was probably a gut-derived phenomenon and requires novel strategies for prevention.


INTRODUÇÃO: O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer a taxa de sepse de ataque tardio (LOS) do nosso serviço, caracterizar a microbiota intestinal e avaliar uma possível associação entre a flora intestinal e sepse em recém-nascidos cirúrgicos que estavam recebendo nutrição parenteral (NP). MÉTODOS: Culturas do intestino foram colhidas no início da nutrição parenteral e, posteriormente, uma vez por semana. As amostras para a cultura de sangue foram coletadas com base em critérios clínicos estabelecidos pela equipe médica. A ponta do cateter venoso central (CVC) foi removida sob condições assépticas. Métodos laboratoriais padrão foram usados para identificar os microrganismos que cresceram em culturas de sangue, do intestino, e da ponta do CVC. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 74 recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso. Todas as crianças estavam recebendo nutrição parenteral e antibióticos quando a cultura do intestino foi iniciada. No total, 21 (28,4%) crianças apresentaram 28 episódios de sepse tardia sem fonte identificada. Os estafilococos coagulase negativo foram os mais comuns das bactérias identificadas, tanto no intestino (74,2%) como no sangue (67,8%). Todas as infecções ocorreram em pacientes que receberam nutrição parenteral através de um cateter venoso central. Seis crianças experimentaram episódios de translocação microbiana. CONCLUSÕES: Neste estudo LOS foi o episódio mais frequente em recém-nascidos recebendo nutrição parenteral e submetidos a cirurgia, 28,6% da infecção provavelmente foi um fenômeno derivado do intestino o que exige novas estratégias para a prevenção.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Catheters, Indwelling/microbiology , Gram-Negative Bacteria/isolation & purification , Gram-Positive Bacteria/isolation & purification , Infant, Very Low Birth Weight , Intestines/microbiology , Parenteral Nutrition/adverse effects , Sepsis/etiology , Bacterial Translocation , Catheterization, Central Venous/adverse effects , Gram-Negative Bacteria/classification , Gram-Positive Bacteria/classification , Time Factors
6.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 43(5): 584-587, set.-out. 2010. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-564300

ABSTRACT

INTRODUÇÃO: Avaliou-se o nível da contaminação do ar em cirurgias ortopédicas. MÉTODOS: O ar das salas cirúrgicas foi analisado microbiologicamente através da exposição de placas próximas à mesa cirúrgica por uma hora. RESULTADOS: Foram evidenciados valores acima do recomendado (369 UFC/m³) nas salas convencionais, assim como naquelas com ar ultralimpo. A contaminação foi predominantemente por Staphylococcus sp (86,9 por cento). verificou-se um número alto de pessoas presentes no interior das salas cirúrgicas, assim como de abertura da porta. CONCLUSÕES: Os níveis de contaminação se apresentaram acima dos valores aceitos por agências reguladoras, representando risco para os pacientes.


INTRODUCTION: The air contamination levels during orthopedic surgeries were evaluated. METHODS: The air of operating rooms (ORs) was examined through exposure to microbiological plates placed near the surgical table for an hour. RESULTS: values above that recommended (369 CFU/m³) for conventional ORs and ORs with ultraclean air were determined. Contamination was predominantly by Staphylococcus sp (86.9 percent). In all surgeries a high number of people were present inside the ORs and the doors were opened frequently. CONCLUSIONS: The contamination levels are above the values accepted by regulatory agencies, representing risk for patients.


Subject(s)
Humans , Air Microbiology , Fungi/isolation & purification , Gram-Negative Bacteria/isolation & purification , Gram-Positive Bacteria/isolation & purification , Operating Rooms , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Arthroplasty, Replacement/methods , Fracture Fixation, Internal , Fungi/drug effects , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Staphylococcus/isolation & purification
7.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 26(2): 305-310, mar.-apr. 2010. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-545514

ABSTRACT

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a qualidade microbiológica do ar interno de uma instituição de ensino superior de Itumbiara-GO. Foram avaliadas 51 salas de aula, incluindo os laboratórios de química, zoologia e microbiologia e o ar do pátio externo da Instituição para uma análise comparativa. O ar das salas foi avaliado pela técnica de exposição (método de sedimentação espontânea) utilizando-se três conjuntos de duas placas de petri (90mm) dispostas pelo tempo de 30min. Foram utilizados os seguintes meios de cultura: agar trypticase de soja, agar manitol salgado e agar macConkey. Os isolados bacterianos foram identificados utilizando-se métodos bioquímicos clássicos. Foi detectado que 51 por cento das salas de aula (inclusive o laboratório de microbiologia) apresentaram contagens bacterianas acima do limite aceitável (maior ou igual a 7,5x102 UFC/m3) proposto pela ANVISA. Houve uma maior freqüência de S.aureus (100 por cento), seguido de Staphylococcus coagulase negativo (88,2 por cento) e Escherichia coli (78,4 por cento). A análise microbiológica do ar do pátio externo demonstrou um crescimento bacteriano elevado (>2,0x103 UFC/m3). A contaminação do ar das salas pode ter sido causada pelos próprios ocupantes das salas e suas atividades ocupacionais, contribuindo para o transporte de microrganismos.


Evaluate the microbiological quality of the internal air of an institution of higher education of Itumbiara-GO. We evaluated 51 classrooms, including laboratories for chemistry, zoology, microbiology and the air of the outer courtyard of the institution of a comparative analysis. The air of the rooms was assessed by the technique of exposure (sedimentation method) using three sets of two petri dishes (90mm) exposed for 30 minutes. We used the following methods of culture: from trypticase soy agar agar, mannitol salty, and agar macConkey. The bacterial isolates were identified using a traditional biochemical methods. It was found that 51 percent of classrooms (including the laboratory, microbiology) had bacterial counts above the acceptable limit (smaller ore qual to 7,5x102 UFC/m3) proposed by ANVISA. Overall, there was a higher frequency of S.aureus (100 percent), followed by coagulase negative Staphylococcus (88.2 percent) and Escherichia coli (78.4 percent). The microbiological analysis of air from outer courtyard of the institution demonstrated a high bacterial growth of Bacillus sp (> 2,0x103 UFC/m3). Probably the air contamination of the rooms was caused by occupants and their occupational activity, contributing to the transport of microorganisms.


Subject(s)
Humans , Air Conditioning , Air Pollution, Indoor , Air Pollution , Biological Contamination , Brazil , Universities
8.
Arq. ciênc. saúde ; 16(3): 105-109, jul.-set. 2009. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-564762

ABSTRACT

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar as taxas de sepse e de colonização por Candida albicans e Candida não albicans e os fatores de risco relacionados em neonatos críticos. O estudo foi realizado na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal (UTIN) do Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, com 10 leitos, através de dois tipos de vigilância epidemiológica: “National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance”(NNIS) e laboratorial, no período de Jan/02 a Dez/07. As amostras de Candida isoladas de infecção foram obtidas no Laboratório de Microbiologia do hospital. Os neonatos foram avaliados quanto à colonização nas mucosas oral e intestinal, após 24 horas da internação na unidade e em intervalos semanais até a alta, utilizando-se “swab” estéril, cultivado em “Cromo-agar”. No total, a taxa de sepse foi 13,6%, sendo que as candidemias responderam por 6% das mesmas, todas de natureza hospitalar, associadas com uma letalidade de 33,3%. A taxa de infecção por Candida/ 1.000 pacientes dia foi de 0,96, sendo a maioria (47,4%; 9/19) por Candida albicans. Foram constatados 19 (54,28%) neonatos colonizados, dos quais originaram 35 amostras, 15 de mucosa bucal com 53,3% por Candida albicans e 46,7% Candida não albicans, e 20 de mucosa perianal com 50,0% por Candida albicans. Os fatores de risco associados com a candidemia invasiva (P d” 0,05) foram: uso de CVC e de antibióticos, e para colonização por Candida foram: nutrição parenteral, entubação e uso prévio de antibiótico com um predomínio de cefalosporina de terceira geração (83,3%). Não foi observada relação entre colonização prévia e candidemia invasiva, com o de apenas uma criança com sepse por Candida albicans, colonizada previamente.


The objective of this study was to evaluate the rates of sepsis and colonization by Candida albicans andnon- albicans Candida and the risk factors observed in critical newborns. The study was carried out in a 10-bed Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICUs) of the Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Uberlândia, through two types of epidemiological surveillance: “National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance" (NNIS) and laboratorial in the period of Jan/02 to Dec/07. Samples of Candida isolated from infection were obtained in the Laboratory of Microbiology of the hospital. The newborns were evaluated according to oral and intestinal colonization, after 24 hours of hospitalization in that unit in weekly intervals until discharge. Overall, the rate of sepsis was 13.6%, and the candidemias accounted for 6%, from hospital nature , associated with 33.3% of lethality. The rate of infection by Candida/1,000 patient daily was 0.96, while the majority (47.4%; 9/19) by Candida albicans. Nineteen (54.28%) neonates colonized were observed from them 35 samples were provided, 15 of oral mucosa with 53.3% by Candida albicans, and 46.7% by non-albicans Candida, and 20 of mucous perianal with 50.0% by Candida albicans. The risk factors associated with invasive candidemia (P d” 0.05) were: use of CVC and antibiotics, and colonization by Candida were: parenteral nutrition, intubation and previous use of antibiotic with a predominance of the third generation cephalosporin ( 83.3%). There was no relationship between prior colonization and invasive candidemia, with only one child with sepsis by Candida albicans, previously colonized.


Subject(s)
Candida albicans , Infant, Newborn , Risk Factors , Sepsis
9.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 42(4): 431-435, July-Aug. 2009. graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-527186

ABSTRACT

Os objetivos desse estudo foram investigar a participação de Candida albicans e não-albicans como agente de colonização e sepse, bem como os fatores de risco associados aos neonatos internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal do Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Foi realizada vigilância epidemiológica pelo sistema National Healthcare Safety Network no período entre agosto de 2007 e abril de 2008. A taxa de incidência de sepse com critério microbiológico foi de 6,7/1.000 paciente/dia, constatando-se apenas um caso de candidemia. Aproximadamente, 19 por cento dos neonatos estavam colonizados por Candida, identificadas como Candida albicans (50 por cento) e Candida não-albicans (50 por cento). Os fatores de risco significantes para colonização por Candida spp foram a idade gestacional entre 26 e 30 semanas, o uso prévio de antibiótico e o cateter vascular central umbilical. A mortalidade total foi de 11,8 por cento nos neonatos internados durante o período de estudo com sepse, porém o recém-nascido com candidemia não evoluiu para óbito.


The objectives of this study were to investigate the participation of Candida albicans and non-albicans as colonization and sepsis agents, along with the risk factors associated with the neonates in the neonatal intensive care unit of the clinical hospital of the Federal University of Uberlândia. Epidemiological surveillance was implemented through the National Healthcare Safety Network between August 2007 and April 2008. The incidence rate for sepsis with microbiological criteria was 6.7/1,000 patients/day, which was shown as only one case of candidemia. Approximately 19 percent of the neonates were colonized by Candida, which was identified as Candida albicans (50 percent) and Candida not-albicans (50 percent). The significant risk factors for Candida spp colonization were gestational age of between 26 and 30 weeks, previous antibiotic use and umbilical central vascular catheter. The overall mortality among the neonates hospitalized with sepsis over the study period was 11.8 percent. However, the neonate with candidemia did not die.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Candida/isolation & purification , Candidiasis/microbiology , Cross Infection/microbiology , Intensive Care Units, Neonatal , Brazil , Candida/classification , Candidiasis/epidemiology , Candidiasis/mortality , Cross Infection/epidemiology , Fungemia/epidemiology , Fungemia/microbiology , Hospitals, Teaching , Incidence , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Risk Factors , Sentinel Surveillance , Sepsis/epidemiology , Sepsis/microbiology
10.
Rev. ciênc. méd., (Campinas) ; 18(1): 7-11, jan.-fev. 2009. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-525693

ABSTRACT

Objetivo Avaliar qualitativa e quantitativamente os microorganismos presentes na microbiota das mãos dos profissionais de saúde de um hospital particular de Itumbiara (GO). Métodos Foi realizado um estudo com 48 profissionais de saúde, incluindo três enfermeiros, 29 técnicos enfermeiros, cinco auxiliares de enfermagem, nove médicos e dois técnicos em Raios X. As amostras foram obtidas a partir da mão dominante do profissional, pela técnica do saco estéril de polietileno, contendo Tripticase Soy Broth. Resultados A contagem bacteriana da microbiota das mãos demonstrou uma alta contaminação (>106) nas mãos dos enfermeiros, técnicos de enfermagem e auxiliares de enfermagem. Os Staphylococcus coagulase negativa (44,5%) foram os microorganismos mais isolados, seguidos de Staphylococcus aureus (40,0%); cerca de 70,0% dos estafilococos foram resistentes à oxacilina. Não houve detecção de bacilos Gram-negativos. Conclusão Houve uma alta contaminação por bactérias epidemiologicamente importantes no ambiente hospitalar, demonstrando a necessidade de maior frequência e cuidado na higienização das mãos.


Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively the microorganisms present in the hands of health professionals in a private hospital in Itumbiara (GO), Brazil. Methods The study was conducted with 48 health professionals, including three nurses, 29 nurse technicians, five nursing assistants, nine physicians and two radiography technicians. Samples were obtained by placing the dominant hand of the health professional in a sterile polyethylene bag containing trypticase soy broth. Results Bacterial count (>106) showed that the hands of nurses, nurse technicians and nursing assistants were very contaminated. The most common microorganisms were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (44.5%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (40.0%). Roughly 70% of the staphylococci were oxacillin-resistant. Gramnegative bacilli were not detected. Conclusion Hands were very contaminated with bacteria that are epidemiologically important in the hospital environment, demonstrating the need for more frequent and careful hand washing.


Subject(s)
Humans , Environmental Pollution/analysis , Hand Disinfection , Health Personnel , Infection Control , Pollution Indicators/prevention & control
11.
Rev. panam. infectol ; 10(4): 18-23, oct.-dic. 2008. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-544934

ABSTRACT

Os objetivos do estudo foram avaliar os fatores de risco associados à infecção de corrente sangüínea, o uso de diferentes tipos de cateter vascular central (CVC) e a etiologia destas infecções. Foi realizada análise microbiológica no sítio de inserção do CVC, na ponta, no canhão do cateter e na narina e a identificação dos microrganismos isolados foi realizada por técnicas clássicas. Foram incluídos 115 neonatos em uso de CVC na investigação, no período de abril a outubro de 2007. Foi observado que 7,8% dos neonatos apresentaram infecção de corrente sangüínea associada a CVC, com destaque para os inseridos por flebotomia (7,8/1000 cateteres-dia). Embora a densidade de utilização do Cateter Central de Inserção Periférica (PICC) tenha sido a mais alta, a inserção por flebotomia foi responsável pela maior taxa de infecção de corrente sangüínea associada a CVC. A hospitalização > 14 dias e a colonização da ponta do cateter > 103 UFC/ml foram os fatores de risco estatisticamente significantes para estas infecções, sendo que a narina (33%) e a pele na área de inserção do cateter (22%) foram potenciais sítios de origem da infecção e o Staphylococcus coagulase negativa (SCoN) foi o agente mais freqüente (44,4%). Conclui-se que o PICC foi o CVC com maior densidade de utilização na unidade, embora a taxa de infecção de corrente sangüínea associada a flebotomia tenha sido a mais expressiva.


Subject(s)
Infant, Newborn , Catheters, Indwelling , Blood Circulation , Infections/etiology , Staphylococcus/isolation & purification
12.
Rev. ciênc. méd., (Campinas) ; 16(2): 71-77, mar.-abr. 2007. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-489553

ABSTRACT

Objetivo Avaliar a incidência de bacteremia por Staphylococcus epidermidis e sua associação com o baixo peso, com o uso de cateter vascular central e com o escore de gravidade (Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology) em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal de um hospital universitário brasileiro. Métodos Foi realizado um estudo caso-controle na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal, utilizando-se a vigilância National Nosocomial Infection System, no período entre janeiro de 2004 e dezembro de 2005. Uma ficha individual foi preenchida, contendo dados demográficos, clínicos e epidemiológicos. As culturas de sangue positivas para Staphylococcus coagulase-negativa foram identificadas nas respectivas espécies. Resultados A taxa de incidência de infecção hospitalar, definida por critérios microbiológicos, foi de 19,7%, sendo estas infecções representadas, em sua maioria, por episódios de sepse (88,8%). Os Staphylococcus coagulase-negativa responderam por 68,8% dessas bacteremias, representados por S. epidermidis (97,7%) e S. haemolyticus (2,3%). O baixo peso (menor ou igual a 1.500g), o uso de cateter vascular central inserido por flebotomia e o valor de escore de gravidade maior ou igual a 20 foram fatores de risco estatisticamente significantes (p menor ou igual a õ0,05) para infecção por S. epidermidis. s taxas de infecção por S. epidermidis relacionadas ao uso de cateter vascular central e a densidade de incidência/1 000 dias de uso deste foram de 18,2% e 37,2ë para flebotomia; 6,6% e 19,8ë para intracath; 4,3% e 10,2ë para cateter central de inserção periférica; 2,5% e 5,5ë para umbilical, respectivamente. Conclusão Os Staphylococcus coagulase-negativa são responsáveis pela maioria dos episódios de sepse na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal, representados quase que exclusivamente por S. epidermidis. Os fatores de risco: peso menor ou igual a 1 500g, uso de cateter vascular central inserido por flebotomia e valores de...


Objective To assess the incidence of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteremia and its association with low birth weight, use of central vascular catheter and illness severity score in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of a Brazilian university hospital. Methods A case-control study was conducted at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit using the National Nosocomial Infection System in the period from January 2004 to December 2005. An individual record was filled out with the patient's demographic, clinical and epidemiological data. Positive blood cultures for coagulase-negative staphylococci were identified in the respective species. Results The incidence rate of nosocomial infection defined by microbiological criteria was of 19.7%, where these infections were represented in their majority by sepses episodes (88.8%). The Coagulase-negative staphylococci bacteremias accounted for 68.8% of these bacteremias, represented by S. epidermidis (97.7%) and S. haemolyticus (2.3%). Low birth weight (less than or equal to 1,500g), CVC use surgically placed (phlebotomy) and SNAP value (more than or equal to 20) were significant risk factors (p less than or equal to 0.05) for S. epidermidis infection. The S. epidermidis infection rates related to the use of a catheter and its incidence density per 1,000 CVC-days were 18.2% and 37.2ë for phlebotomy; 6.6% and 19.8ë for intracath; 4.3% and 10.2% for peripherally inserted CVC; 2.5% and 5.5ë for umbilical, respectively. ConclusionThe SCoN are responsible for the majority of the sepses episodes in the NICU, represented almost exclusively by S. epidermidis. The risk factors: birth weight (less than or equal to1,500g), CVC use (phlebotomy) and illness severity score value (more than or equal to 20) were associated with these infections.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Bacteremia , Infant, Newborn , Risk Factors , Staphylococcus epidermidis
13.
Braz. j. microbiol ; 37(2): 101-107, Apr.-June 2006. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-432616

ABSTRACT

Staphylococcus aureus e Estafilococos coagulase-negativa (ECN) estão entre os patógenos hospitalares mais importantes em pacientes de unidades de terapia intensiva neonatal, principalmente em infecções da corrente sanguínea. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a ocorrência de infecções hospitalares por estes microrganismos usando dois sistemas de vigilância (laboratorial e "National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance" - NNIS) e determinar os fatores de risco mais importantes durante o período de dois anos (2001-2002). Dois surtos por ambos S. aureus suscetível a meticilina (1.5por cento) e ECN resistente à meticilina (1.0 por cento) foram observados, de janeiro a fevereiro/02 e agosto a setembro/02. Taxas de incidência endêmica de 3.77 por cento e 5.16 por cento para S.aureus e ECN foram detectadas respectivamente. Fatores de risco incluíram idade £7 dias, hospitalização 7 dias e utilização de cateter vascular central (CVC) de polietileno através de dissecação de veia (flebotomia), mas, nenhum desses fatores independentes foram confirmados pela análise multivariada. Por outro lado, ECN resistente à oxacilina prevaleceu (66.0 por cento) nos episódios epidêmicos. Análise molecular através de gel de eletroforese em campo pulsátil mostrou a natureza policlonal das amostras de S. aureus. Em conclusão, nós identificamos dois surtos de etiologia mista por S. aureus suscetível à meticilina e ECN resistente à meticilina associados à falta de material adequado (cateter vascular central) para neonatos, relacionados a procedimento invasivo. Os dois surtos foram controlados com a substituição de CVC de polietileno pelo cateter central de inserção periférica.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Blood Coagulation , In Vitro Techniques , Blood-Borne Pathogens , Staphylococcal Infections , Staphylococcus , Staphylococcus aureus , Electrophoresis , Methods
14.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 9(4): 301-309, Aug. 2005. ilus, tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-415684

ABSTRACT

We studied an outbreak of two multi-drug resistant clones of Acinetobacter baumannii in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the Uberlândia Federal University Hospital in Minas Gerais state, Brazil, and we analyzed the contribution of cross-transmission in the rise in infection rates. Eleven neonates who developed multi-drug resistant A. baumannii nosocomial infection were matched to 22 neonates who were admitted to the same unit and did not develop an infection during the outbreak period, in order to identify risk factors for infection. Three out of the 11 neonates died. Epidemiological investigation included molecular typing, using pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Prior to the outbreak, from December 2001 to March 2002, no case of infection by this microorganism was diagnosed. Environmental and healthcare worker hand cultures were negative. Nine isolates had similar pulsed field gel electrophoresis patterns and two had another clone. The first clone was brought into the unit by an infected patient who was transferred from another hospital without a history of antibiotic use. The second clone did have its origin clearly defined. Both infected groups led us to conclude that several factors contributed to infection with A. baumannii. These factors were: exposure to antibiotics and invasive devices, birth weight < 1500g, age < 7 days and duration of hospitalization > 7 days. Based on logistic regression, infected neonates were more exposed to carbapenem and mechanical ventilation than the control group. Cross transmission between infants contributed to the rise in the rates of multi-drug resistant A. baumannii infection.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Acinetobacter Infections/microbiology , Acinetobacter baumannii/isolation & purification , Cross Infection/microbiology , Disease Outbreaks , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics , Sepsis/microbiology , Acinetobacter Infections/epidemiology , Acinetobacter baumannii/drug effects , Acinetobacter baumannii/genetics , Brazil , Case-Control Studies , Cross Infection/epidemiology , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects , Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field , Hospitals, University , Intensive Care Units, Neonatal , Risk Factors , Sepsis/epidemiology
15.
Braz. j. microbiol ; 34(supl.1): 27-28, Nov. 2003. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-389976

ABSTRACT

O objetivo foi relatar a ocorrência de dois surtos subseqüentes na UTIN do HC-UFU, por amostras epidêmicas de P. aeruginosa e A. baumannii multirresistentes nos períodos de Mar - Set/01 e Out - Mar/02, respectivamente. O surto por P. aeruginosa incluiu sete neonatos com conjuntivite e três com bacteremia e um estudo caso-controle foi realizado no surto por A. baumannii com 11 e 22 neonatos respectivamente. Os isolados de A. baumannii foram resistentes a gentamicina e ciprofloxacina e os de P. aeruginosa a ampicilina/sulbactam além de gentamicina e ciprofloxacina. As culturas ambientais e das mãos dos profissionais de saúde foram negativas. O surto por P. aeruginosa resultou no aumento do uso de imipenem o que pode ter favorecido a emergência do surto por A. baumannii que embora suscetível a este b-lactâmico apresentou uma multiresistência importante. A análise univariada relacionou os fatores de risco predisponentes para infecção por A. baumannii: peso < 1500g, idade < 7 dias, hospitalização > 7 dias e uso de carbapenema. O término dos surtos foi alcançado através medidas de controle de infecção e isolamento de coorte dos neonatos infectados, não sendo possível definir o reservatório e a via de transmissão.

16.
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1469471

ABSTRACT

The study documents the occurrence of two subsequent outbreaks in the NICU of HC-UFU, caused by epidemic strains of multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii, that occurred between March/01 and September and between October/01 and March/02, respectively. The P. aeruginosa outbreak included seven neonates with conjunctivitis and three with bacteremia. A case-control study was conducted for the A. baumannii outbreak, with 11 and 22 neonates, respectively. The isolates of A. baumannii were resistant to gentamacin and ciprofloxacin. P. aeruginosa isolates were resistant to ampicillin/sulbactam gentamicin and ciprofloxacin. The hands of healthcare workers and environmental cultures were negative. The outbreak of P. aeruginosa resulted in the increase of use of imipenem, which could have favoured the emergence of a A. baumannii epidemic strain, despite of its susceptibility to this antibiotic. The risk factors for A. baumannii infection were: weight 1500g, age 7 days, hospitalization > 7 days and use of carbapenems. Containment of the two outbreaks was achieved by introduction of strict hygiene measures and careful nursing care of the infected infants. The reservatory and the route of transmission were not found.


O objetivo foi relatar a ocorrência de dois surtos subseqüentes na UTIN do HC-UFU, por amostras epidêmicas de P. aeruginosa e A. baumannii multirresistentes nos períodos de Mar - Set/01 e Out - Mar/02, respectivamente. O surto por P. aeruginosa incluiu sete neonatos com conjuntivite e três com bacteremia e um estudo caso-controle foi realizado no surto por A. baumannii com 11 e 22 neonatos respectivamente. Os isolados de A. baumannii foram resistentes a gentamicina e ciprofloxacina e os de P. aeruginosa a ampicilina/sulbactam além de gentamicina e ciprofloxacina. As culturas ambientais e das mãos dos profissionais de saúde foram negativas. O surto por P. aeruginosa resultou no aumento do uso de imipenem o que pode ter favorecido a emergência do surto por A. baumannii que embora suscetível a este beta-lactâmico apresentou uma multiresistência importante. A análise univariada relacionou os fatores de risco predisponentes para infecção por A. baumannii: peso 1500g, idade 7 dias, hospitalização > 7 dias e uso de carbapenema. O término dos surtos foi alcançado através medidas de controle de infecção e isolamento de coorte dos neonatos infectados, não sendo possível definir o reservatório e a via de transmissão.

17.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 3(4): 149-55, Aug. 1999. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-254770

ABSTRACT

Serratia marcescens has been reported as an organism which can cause rapidly spreading, antibiotic resistant nosocomial colonization and disease. We report here an outbreak of colonization and disease due to S. marcescens involving 53 infants admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of the Uberlândia Federal University Hospital, Brazil, between December, 1997, and April, 1998. Thirty-eight infants were colonized without clinical signs of infection and 15 infants had clinical disease. Five infants developed septicemia (4 cases were fatal, including the presumed index case). Seven infants developed conjunctivitis, 1 developed both sepis and conjunctivitis, 1 infant developed otitis, and 1 infant had a urinary tract infection. On univariate analysis, independent risk factors for S. marcescens clinical disease were: low birth weight (<1.500g), incubator care, use carbapenems, duration of hospitalization (maior igual que 7 days), low Apgar score, and prematurity. All the isolates of S. marcescens showed the same antimicrobial susceptibility profile. The causative strains were resistant to oxyimino-cephalosporins due to their production of extended-spectrum ß-lactamases. Cultures from the hands of the NICU health care professionals (HCWs), soap samples, ventilator reservoirs, and work and incubator surfaces failed to identify a reservoir of S. marcescens, but positive cultures were found in half of the sink drains. Containment of the outbreak was achieved by closure of the NICU new admissions, employment of strict hygienic measures, and careful nursing care of the infected and colonized infants. Rapid organism identification and initiation of control measures are important in containing such an epidemic at an early stage.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Cross Infection/epidemiology , Infection Control , Intensive Care Units, Neonatal , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Sepsis/mortality , Serratia marcescens/isolation & purification , Serratia marcescens/pathogenicity , Case-Control Studies , Environmental Pollution , Risk Factors
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